26.TYPES OF DIODE | ZENER | AVALANCHE | LASER DIODE | LED | PHOTODIODE | SCHOTTKY| BASIC ELECTRONICS
1. Zener Diode
Working Principle:
It works on the principle of Zener breakdown. When the reverse voltage exceeds a specific value (Zener voltage), it allows current to flow in the reverse direction without being damaged.
Working:
In forward bias, it behaves like a normal diode. In reverse bias, once the applied voltage reaches the Zener voltage, it conducts to maintain a constant voltage.
Uses:
• Voltage regulation and stabilization
• Protection of circuits from overvoltage
• Voltage reference in power supplies
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2. Avalanche Diode
Working Principle:
It operates in the avalanche breakdown region. When reverse bias voltage increases beyond a critical level, it causes a chain reaction of charge carriers, allowing large current to flow.
Working:
The diode is designed to handle this breakdown safely without damage. It quickly conducts to protect circuits from high voltage surges.
Uses:
• Overvoltage protection
• Surge protectors
• High-voltage switching applications
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3. Laser Diode
Working Principle:
It works on the principle of stimulated emission. When forward biased, electrons recombine with holes and emit photons (light) of the same phase and frequency — producing a coherent light beam.
Working:
The light produced is amplified inside the diode’s optical cavity and emitted as a narrow, intense laser beam.
Uses:
• CD/DVD/Blu-ray players
• Laser printers and barcode scanners
• Fiber-optic communication
• Laser cutting and surgery
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4. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Working Principle:
It operates on electroluminescence. When forward biased, electrons and holes recombine, releasing energy in the form of visible light.
Working:
The color of the light depends on the semiconductor material and its band gap.
Uses:
• Display indicators
• Lighting systems (bulbs, panels)
• Traffic signals and signboards
• Remote control transmitters
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5. Photodiode
Working Principle:
It works on the photoelectric effect. When light photons strike the junction, they generate electron-hole pairs, producing a current proportional to light intensity.
Working:
It is operated in reverse bias to detect light; the photocurrent increases with light intensity.
Uses:
• Light sensors and optical detectors
• Solar cells and camera sensors
• Optical communication systems
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6. Schottky Diode
Working Principle:
It is based on a metal–semiconductor junction instead of a p–n junction. This gives it a very low forward voltage drop and fast switching capability.
Working:
Electrons move easily across the metal–semiconductor barrier, resulting in quick response and low power loss.
Uses:
• High-speed switching circuits
• Power rectifiers in SMPS
• Radio frequency (RF) applications
• Clamping and protection circuits
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