SQL UPPER() and LOWER() Functions Explained with Examples
In SQL, the UPPER() and LOWER() functions are used to convert the case of text data. The UPPER() function takes a string and returns it with all letters converted to uppercase, while the LOWER() function converts all letters in the string to lowercase. These functions are especially useful when performing case-insensitive comparisons, standardizing data formats, or preparing strings for consistent display. For example, UPPER('hello') returns 'HELLO' and LOWER('WORLD') returns 'world'. They are commonly used in SELECT queries, WHERE clauses, and string transformations.
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