Warning: Be careful when modifying anything with the disk. It's very easy to ruin your file system.
When I created my VM I only assigned 32GiB to it, and now I need a bit more than that. In this video I go over how to resize your VM disk, extend the LV, and then extend the root file system. It's easier than you might think!
Increase Diskspace in Proxmox
Shutdown VM
Go to VM
Go to Hardware
Click Hard Disk you want to resize
Click "Disk Action" then "Resize"
Enter the amount to increase
Start VM
Drop to Sudo
sudo su
Check for Free Space
cfdisk
Resize with fsdisk
Select your /dev/sda3 partition
Select RESIZE and hit ENTER
New size will be entire free space by default, hit ENTER
Click WRITE, then type 'yes', press ENTER
Press 'q'
Extend the partition
pvresize /dev/sda3
Check Volume Group for Free Space
vgdisplay
Extend the volume
lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/ubuntu-vg/ubuntu-lv
Confirm Changes
lvdisplay
Resize Root File System
resize2fs /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
Confirm Changes
df-h