Norm and pathology on ECG: Rhythm disturbances
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Sinus tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia is a sinus rhythm with a frequency of 100 beats per minute or more. In healthy young people, sinus tachycardia can reach 180-200 beats per minute. In the elderly - 140-150 beats per minute.
Causes of sinus tachycardia
Physical activity
Anxiety, stress
Pain
Increased temperature
ECG signs of sinus tachycardia
Frequency over 100 beats per minute
Presence of P waves of normal morphology before each QRS
Sinus bradycardia of the heart
Bradycardia is a type of arrhythmia when the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute. It can be normal in athletes, but bradycardia often indicates various heart pathologies.
🔻Atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation) is an arrhythmia characterized by a violation of automatism, excitability and contractile function of the atrial myocardium with a frequency of (350-700 per minute), disordered (chaotic) excitation of individual fibers of the atrial myocardium, each of which is a kind of ectopic focus of excitation.
ECG signs:
absence of the P wave;
disordered f-waves in leads III, aVF, V1 with a frequency
350-700 per minute (f-wave duration from 0.04 s to 0.12 s);
irregular rhythm (different R-R intervals);
different amplitude of QRS complexes.
🔻Atrial flutter is an arrhythmia characterized by a violation of the excitability, automaticity and contractility of the atrial myocardium with an atrial excitation rate of 250-400 per minute.
ECG signs:
absence of the P wave;
appearance of "sawtooth" F-waves in leads III, aVF, V 1-V2 with
a frequency of 250-400 per minute;
multiplicity of F-waves of the QRS complex (2:1, 3:1, 4:1, etc.);
unchanged QRS complex;
the R-R intervals are the same (correct shape) and the R-R intervals are different (incorrect shape).
🔻Ventricular fibrillation is a rhythm disorder caused by asynchronous electrical activity of individual ventricular muscle fibers and their chaotic irregular contraction with a heart rate of 200-500 per minute; refers to terminal conditions requiring defibrillation.
ECG signs:
no differentiation of all teeth and intervals;
ECG in the form of a small- and large-wave line.
🔻Ventricular flutter is an arrhythmia caused by a violation of excitability, automatism and contraction of the ventricular myocardium, often develops against the background of ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia.
ECG signs:
ECG has the form of a sinusoid;
deformation of the ventricular QRS complex, fusion of its initial and final parts;
absence of an isoline (TP);
absence of the ST segment and T and P teeth;
HR = 200–300 per minute.
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