Deep battery discharge.
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When a car battery has a residual voltage below 11 V, the alternator will not charge it for the following reasons:
1. Low voltage. Most car alternators are designed to maintain and charge a battery with a voltage of approximately 12 V or higher. If the voltage drops below 10-11 V, the battery may be deeply discharged, and the alternator simply cannot provide the necessary voltage and safe current to start charging. To begin charging, the battery must have at least a minimum residual voltage, usually just above 11 V.
2. Charging management system. In modern cars, the charging management system can assess the battery's condition and may not attempt to charge it if the voltage is too low. This is done to prevent generator overload and to protect against possible short circuits, which sometimes occur in deeply discharged batteries.
For deeply discharged batteries, it is necessary to first perform a slow charge from an external source with a regulated current supply (manually or via a smart device). Alternatively, you can connect another similar battery in parallel for 10-15 minutes.