SHA-256: The Complete Visual Guide | Every Bit Operation Explained
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SHA-256 powers Bitcoin, secures your passwords, and verifies every file you download. But how does it actually work?
In this video, I break down the entire algorithm visually — no hand-waving, no shortcuts.
⏱️ TIMESTAMPS:
0:00 - What is SHA-256? (Hash ≠ Encryption!)
1:45 - The 5-Stage Pipeline
3:00 - Binary Conversion
3:45 - Padding to 512-bit Blocks
5:15 - Bit Operations (XOR, AND, NOT, ROTR, SHR)
8:30 - Modular Arithmetic (mod 2³²)
9:15 - Initial Values (⌊frac(√p)·2³²⌋)
10:00 - Sigma Functions (σ₀, σ₁, Σ₀, Σ₁)
10:45 - Message Schedule (16 → 64 words)
11:30 - Compression Rounds (T₁, T₂)
12:15 - Avalanche Effect Demo
12:45 - Birthday Paradox (2¹²⁸ ≈ 3.4×10³⁸)
13:30 - Merkle-Damgård Construction
14:00 - Outro
🔑 KEY CONCEPTS:
• Why hashing is ONE-WAY (not encryption)
• XOR, AND, ROTR vs SHR — animated
• FIPS 180-4 constants from prime roots
• Avalanche effect: 1 bit → ~50% output change
• Why 64 rounds provides security margin
This is THE video to understand SHA-256 from first principles.
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