VFIO, IOMMU, and the PCI Subsystem
Linux CPU scheduling is far more than picking the next task—it intelligently places workloads across SMT, multi-core CPUs, NUMA nodes, Intel P-cores/E-cores, AMD EPYC, Xeon, and Arm big.LITTLE architectures to maximize performance, cache locality, memory affinity, and energy efficiency. This deep dive explains Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS), sched_domain hierarchy, Energy Aware Scheduling (EAS), PELT load tracking, NUMA balancing, cpusets, cgroups, CPU affinity, uclamp, and scheduler internals, making it an essential guide for Linux kernel developers, system programmers, DevOps engineers, and performance optimization enthusiasts.