Metabolism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Metabolism
00:02:42 1 Key biochemicals
00:03:23 1.1 Amino acids and proteins
00:04:17 1.2 Lipids
00:05:11 1.3 Carbohydrates
00:05:54 1.4 Nucleotides
00:07:06 1.5 Coenzymes
00:09:30 1.6 Minerals and cofactors
00:11:29 2 Catabolism
00:13:36 2.1 Digestion
00:14:31 2.2 Energy from organic compounds
00:17:13 3 Energy transformations
00:17:23 3.1 Oxidative phosphorylation
00:18:30 3.2 Energy from inorganic compounds
00:19:16 3.3 Energy from light
00:21:07 4 Anabolism
00:22:33 4.1 Carbon fixation
00:24:02 4.2 Carbohydrates and glycans
00:26:13 4.3 Fatty acids, isoprenoids and steroids
00:27:50 4.4 Proteins
00:29:31 4.5 Nucleotide synthesis and salvage
00:30:21 5 Xenobiotics and redox metabolism
00:32:13 6 Thermodynamics of living organisms
00:33:11 7 Regulation and control
00:35:50 8 Evolution
00:38:16 9 Investigation and manipulation
00:40:51 10 History
00:44:10 11 See also
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SUMMARY
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Metabolism (, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are the conversion of food/fuel to energy to run cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates, and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary or intermediate metabolism.
The two subcategories of metabolism are catabolism - the breaking down of compounds; for example, the breaking down of glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration; and anabolism - the building up (synthesis) of compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.
The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.
A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.