The Enlightenment: 18th century movement
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The Enlightenment was a vast cultural, literary, and philosophical movement of the 18th century, lasting from 1715 to 1789.
The term "Enlightenment" is a metaphor for the enlightenment brought to man by the use of reason.
The writers of the Enlightenment advocated reason as the only means capable of combating superstition and obscurantism.
I - The Context of the Enlightenment
The advent of the Enlightenment can be explained by several historical factors:
The establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England, after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which inspired French philosophers.
The death of Louis XIV, which freed France from a burdensome authority.
The accelerated spread of books.
The development of science, which helped explain the world and improve human life.
II - The Principles of the Enlightenment
Themes common to Enlightenment writers can be found:
Faith in human reason.
Criticism of the established order and the absolute monarchy of divine right.
The rehabilitation of humanity and its emotions.
The pursuit of earthly happiness.
III - The Writers of the Enlightenment
You may be familiar with the great philosophers of the Enlightenment: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, D'Alembert, Rousseau, etc.
But many other authors are associated with the Age of Enlightenment, without being philosophers. These include Marivaux and his social comedies such as "The Island of Slaves" (1725) or Beaumarchais with "The Marriage of Figaro" (written in 1778).
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