LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN - Philosophical Investigations: From the Tractatus to "Language Games"
The book Philosophical Investigations is a fundamental work written by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. Published posthumously in 1953, it is considered one of the most influential works of the 20th century, as Wittgenstein addresses a wide range of philosophical topics, focusing on the idea of "language games" and how we use them to understand the world and communicate.
Thus, while in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus he focused on the idea that language and thought can logically represent the structure of the world, here Wittgenstein departs from that idea to focus on how we use language in practice, addressing philosophical problems related to ambiguity, vagueness, and meaning in real-world contexts.
00:00 Introduction: Wittgenstein and Analytic Philosophy
01:24 Wittgenstein's Two Great Works: The Tractatus and the Investigations
03:06 Early Approaches to Philosophy with G. Frege and B. Russell
04:49 The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: Central Aspects
07:27 Intermediate Period: Discussions on the Tractatus and Return to Cambridge
08:34 Beginning of the Writing of the Philosophical Investigations
09:04 Prologue
10:14 Part One: Beginning with the Words of St. Augustine on Language Learning (Denotative Conception and Ostensive Teaching of Words)
14:49 "Language Games" and "Forms of Life"
19:22 "Family Resemblances"
21:05 "Following a Rule"
22:30 The Concept of "Pain": Use, Behaviors, Attitudes
25:13 Part Two: Notes He Didn't Add
25:57 Contrast: Tractatus - Philosophical Investigations
28:49 Continuities: Philosophy as a Therapeutic Task
29:54 Towards Closing with Words from R. Carnap on Wittgenstein
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