In 882, most of the lands of modern Ukraine were conquered by Russian Duke Oleg. He also moved the capital of Ancient Rus from Novgorod to Kiev. This city became the capital of Rus until 1157.
After the beginning of fragmentation in Rus in XII century, the Principality of
Galicia-Volhynia was the largest and least dependent on Rus state on the territory of
modern Ukraine. This state existed for more than two centuries and in 1392 Galicia
Volhynia was conquered by Poland.
In the XVII century, most of modern Ukraine was ruled by Poland. In 1648 in its east territory took place the Uprising of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, who founded the Cossack Hetmanate. In 1654, this Hetmanate became a vassal of Russia.
In 1764, the Hetmanate was officially abolished by the Russian Empress Catherine II, and its territories became the Little Russian governorates of the Russian Empire.