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Emmett Till
The murder of 14-year-old Emmett Till in 1955 brought nationwide attention to the racial violence and injustice present in Mississippi.
He was brutally murdered for allegedly whistling at Carolyn Bryant; a white resident of Drews, Miss
His death proved that racism would not spare children from violence.
BA would never receive fair treatment or justice unless they stood up & demanded it.
Little Rock 9 (1957)
(1955) SCOTUS ordered school desegregation “ with all deliberate speed”. Brown v Board
Some southern states delayed following this order.
(1957) Nine Black teenagers volunteer to integrate an all-white HS in Little Rock, AR
Arkansas Governor orders the National Guard to prevent the Black teenagers from entering.
After pressure from Pres. Eisenhower; Governor allows teenagers into the HS. Gov. refused to offer protection
The Little Rock Nine were threatened by an angry white mob. Pres. E sends U.S. military to protect the teenagers while at school.
Civil Disobedience
The refusal to obey laws which are seen as unjust in an effort to bring about change in government policy.
Dr. King made this the cornerstone of the American Civil Rights Movement.
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
In the South, BA were forced to sit at the back busses whiles the front section was reserved for whites. Bus use was common; most people did not own cars.
(1955) Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white person & was arrested.
The NAACP organized a BOYCOTT of the buses to protest her arrest. Lasted for a year
One of the leaders of the Montgomery Bus Boycott was MLK.
Rosa Parks sued the city of Montgomery; claiming segregation on busses was unconstitutional. Fed. Courts agreed
City buses were integrated. 1956
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A BOYCOTT is when someone refuses to buy or use goods or services until changes are made
In this case, BA living on Montgomery (and many whites) boycotted the public bus system.
The bus system was a money maker for the city & the boycott cost them a ton on money.
In order to stop LOSING MONEY, the city was willing to desegregate the busses.
Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is a BA civil rights organization; most closely associated with its first president, MLK. Founded in 1957
SCLC assisted local groups in working for full equality for BA
Formed after the Montgomery Bus Boycott, SCLC goal was to fight racial injustice using non-violent methods.
SCLC believed in nonviolent social activism to protest segregation. Boycotts, Marches.
CORE & SCLC were Committed to Non-Violence
Sit-Ins & SNCC
In 1960, a group of black college students sit at “whites-only” lunch counter in Greensboro, NC. Greensboro FOUR
They refused to get up, even when assaulted by an angry white crowd. Non-Violent Social Protest
Their tactic, known as a “sit-in” was widely copied throughout the South.
Participants of sit-ins were often taunted, beaten or arrested. Sitting was not illegal, trespassing was.
SNCC ( Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) wsa founded in 1960 to capitalize on the success of sit-ins in Southern college towns.
SNCC, CORE & SCLC used nonviolent social activism to protest segregation & racial injustice.
Boynton v Virginia (SCOTUS:1960)
Boynton v Virginia, SCOTUS decided that the segregation of interstate bus terminals was unconstitutional.
Most southern states refused to follow the court order; daring the Fed. Gov’t to enforce it.
13 college students (aka- FREEDOM RIDERS) took part in these bus trips (aka-FREEDOM RIDES) to protest segregated interstate travel in the South. John Lewis
(1961) To push the issue, Black riders traveled to the Jim Crow South & attempted to use whites-only restrooms, lunch counters & waiting rooms.
Freedom Riders ( Non-Violent)
Freedom Riders: civil rights activists (black & white) who took part in bus trips or Freedom Rides to protest segregated bus terminals in the South.
CORE organized the first “ Freedom Ride” in 1961
In the bus terminals, Black Freedom Riders would attempt to use WHITES-ONLY RR or eat at WHITE ONLY Lunch Counter. FR risked injury, being arrested & even death.
Wanted to bring national attention to southern states breaking federal law by not integrating interstate bus terminals.
Freedom Riders did convince the Fed. Gov. to actively enforce federal law for the desegregation of interstate travel.
A white mob in Anniston, Alabama set fire to a bus carrying nine Freedom Riders and then beat up the passengers.
Birmingham Protest (1963)
I963 SCLC organized a protest in Birmingham to bring attention to efforts to desegregate the city.Birmingham was the most segregated city in the US
Birmingham PD used police dogs & fire hoses to break up peaceful marches & protests.