Heat exchangers have the potential to utilize all three types of heat exchange: conduction, convection, and radiation. Most of the operations that heat exchangers tend to capitalize on, though, are based in the principles of convection: the transfer of heat within a moving fluid.
Shell and tube heat exchangers do this with two liquids: one moving through tubes toward a desired destination, and the other in a shell serving to alter the temperature of the liquid in the tubes. Well-designed systems, with optimized tube thickness and composition and free of fouling to confound heat transfer, are essential to running this system properly.
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