Users Groups Permissions in Linux
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Ever seen "Permission denied" and not known why? This beginner-friendly guide demystifies Linux users, groups and file permissions — the foundation of Linux security. You'll learn to read ls -l output, understand rwx, and confidently use chmod, chown and sudo. No prior experience needed.
⏱️ WHAT'S INSIDE
00:00 Why permissions matter
01:30 Users & the UID (id, /etc/passwd)
02:30 Groups — primary vs secondary
03:00 Reading ls -l (decoding -rwxr-xr--)
04:00 The 3 classes: user, group, others
04:30 What r, w, x mean (files vs directories)
05:00 Permissions as numbers (octal: 755, 644, 700)
06:00 Changing permissions with chmod
07:00 Changing ownership: chown & chgrp
07:30 Managing users & groups (useradd, usermod -aG)
08:00 Root & sudo — admin power, used safely
08:30 Common mistakes & best practices
🔑 THE CORE MODEL
3 classes (owner · group · others) × 3 bits (read · write · execute)
Octal: r=4, w=2, x=1 → add them up per class
🛠️ COMMANDS COVERED
id · ls -l · chmod · chown · chgrp · useradd · usermod · groupadd · sudo
⚠️ TOP TIPS
Use chmod 755 for scripts, 644 for documents, 700 for private files
Always use usermod -aG (append!) — plain -G replaces all groups
Avoid chmod 777 — it's almost never the right answer
Use sudo, don't live as root
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