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Partitioning is the process of dividing a single large table/index into multiple logical chunks/partitions in such way that each partition can be managed separately without having much overall impact on the availability of the table/index. Partitioning improves the manageability and availability of table/index as well as the performance of the queries running against this partitioned table/index
SQL Server supports table and index partitioning. The data of partitioned tables and indexes is divided into units that can be spread across more than one filegroup in a database. The data is partitioned horizontally, so that groups of rows are mapped into individual partitions. All partitions of a single index or table must reside in the same database. The table or index is treated as a single logical entity when queries or updates are performed on the data.