What is STP?
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What is STP?
STP is designed to prevent switching loops in a redundant network by selectively blocking certain switch ports, allowing only a single active path between two devices.
It was originally defined in IEEE 802.1D and is a foundational protocol for Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) network redundancy.
2. Key Concepts in STP
Root Bridge: The central reference point for all spanning tree calculations in the network. All paths are calculated based on the root bridge, and the switch with the lowest bridge ID (BID) becomes the root bridge.
Bridge ID (BID): A unique identifier for each switch, consisting of the switch priority (configurable) and its MAC address. Lower BID values are preferred, and switches with lower BIDs are more likely to be selected as the root bridge.
Root Port (RP): The port on each non-root switch with the least-cost path to the root bridge.
Designated Port (DP): A port on each switch that is responsible for forwarding traffic toward the root bridge. It has the lowest path cost to the root bridge in its segment.
Blocked Port: Ports that are not designated or root ports are set to blocking state to prevent loops.