Physicist Michio Kaku explains the Kardashev scale in a simple way.
Michio Kaku is an American theoretical physicist of Japanese origin, known for his ability to communicate complex scientific concepts in an accessible and fascinating way. Professor of theoretical physics at the City College of New York, he is one of the founders of field string theory and the author of numerous bestsellers on physics, artificial intelligence, possible futures and extraterrestrial civilizations. Through books, documentaries and conferences, Kaku often explores the fate of humanity, the colonization of space and technological evolution, with a visionary and optimistic style.
The Kardashev scale, of which Kaku is one of the most famous popularizers, is a method for classifying advanced civilizations based on the amount of energy they are able to exploit:
Type I: a civilization that is able to use all the energy available on its planet (about 10¹⁶ watts). Humanity is not yet at this level, but Kaku estimates that we could reach it in the next 100-200 years.
Type II: A civilization capable of controlling the energy of its star system, for example by building a Dyson sphere around the Sun (about 10²⁶ watts).
Type III: A civilization capable of managing the energy of an entire galaxy (about 10³⁶ watts).
According to Kaku, our survival will depend on the transition to Type I: an era of global unification, renewable energy, planetary communications… but also risks related to wars, climate change and uncontrolled technologies.
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