Lecture 9. Free fall of bodies │Galileo's experiment │Newton's experiment
Aristotle reasoned that different bodies would fall to Earth in different times because they had different masses. As an example, consider a book and a notebook falling from the same height. The notebook would fall later than the book. It would seem that Aristotle was right: the book is heavier, it falls faster, and the Earth exerts greater gravitational pull on it.
The Italian scientist Galileo Galilei was the first to conclude that the Earth accelerates bodies of different masses equally. To prove the validity of his reasoning, he demonstrated experiments using the Leaning Tower of Pisa and also studied bodies rolling down an inclined plane. Ultimately, Galileo realized that the Earth imparts the same acceleration to all bodies. Only the area of contact with the air varies. If the air were removed, the fall time would be the same. This was the reasoning of Isaac Newton. He took two glass tubes, known as Newton's tubes, and pumped the air out of them. He then measured the fall time of a heavy ball and a light feather in these tubes. It turned out that they fall in the same amount of time. We see that if air resistance is removed, neither the feather nor the ball will be hindered in their fall—they will fall freely. This property is the basis for the definition of free fall.
Free fall is the motion of a body under the sole influence of gravity, in the absence of other forces.
What is free fall? If you pick up any object and release it, its velocity will change, meaning its motion is accelerated, even uniformly accelerated. Galileo Galilei was the first to state and prove that free fall is uniformly accelerated. He measured the acceleration with which such bodies move, which is called the acceleration due to gravity and is approximately 9.8 m/s². Thus, free fall is a special case of uniformly accelerated motion. ───────────────────────────────────────────
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