Nephron in Hindi | Structure | Functions of nephrone !
The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule.
Nephron in Hindi | Structure | Functions of nephrone !
HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM :
Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the endothelial cells of the capillary wall, its basement membrane, and between the foot processes of the podocytes of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent peritubular capillaries that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first with the interstitial fluid outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the remaining fluid—urine—exits: it is composed of water, metabolic waste, and toxins.
Cortical nephrons (the majority of nephrons) start high in the cortex and have a short loop of Henle which does not penetrate deeply into the medulla. Cortical nephrons can be subdivided into superficial cortical nephrons and midcortical nephrons.
Juxtamedullary nephrons start low in the cortex near the medulla and have a long loop of Henle which penetrates deeply into the renal medulla: only they have their loop of Henle surrounded by the vasa recta. These long loops of Henle and their associated vasa recta create a hyperosmolar gradient that allows for the generation of a concentrated urine.[7] Also the hairpin bend penetrates up to the inner zone of medulla
The four mechanisms used to create and process the filtrate (the result of which is to convert blood to urine) are filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion.
Some diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy; renal tubular diseases include acute tubular necrosis and polycystic kidney disease.
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Nephron structure and function physiology review lecture for NCLEX. The nephron's function/physiology is to perform filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Nephron anatomy includes the following: Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct/tubule.
Each kidney contains millions of nephrons which work to filter the blood and create filtrate. The nephron can be divided into two sections based on its function. The first section of the nephron performs filtration which is known as the renal corpuscle. The renal corpuscle is the glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule.
The second section of the nephron is the renal tubule and it is responsible for reabsorption and secretion. This includes the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubule.
To filter the blood the glomerulus receives fresh blood from the afferent arteriole which enters the glomerulus and filtrate is created. The blood then exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole which will turn into peritubular capillaries and eventually turn into the renal vein.
Filtrate is a liquid substance created by the glomerulus. The glomerulus filters out water, glucose, amino acids, urea, creatinine, ions, etc. The glomerulus does NOT filter proteins or blood cells.
The filtrate created by the glomerulus leaks down into a capsule called Bowman's capsule. Then it flows to the first part of the nephron that is responsible for reabsoprtion and secretion know as proximal convoluted tubule.
The proximal convoluted tubule is where most of the reabsorption occurs. Nearly 100% of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed along with 90% of bicarbonate and 60-70% of sodium and chloride along with water and urea.
The filtrate then flows down into the loop of Henle. This area is responsible for concentrating the urine by reabsorbing most of the water in the filtrate. The loop of Henle achieves this with the help of the hypertonic environment of the renal medulla.
Then the filtrate enters into the distal convoluted tubule where more reabsorption and secretion occurs. Aldosterone will play a role in sodium reabsorption to maintain water and salt balance in the body. In addition, parathyroid hormone (PTH) will play a role in calcium reabsorption.
Lastly, the filtrate flows into the collecting/duct for the "final touches" of reabsorption and secretion. Then the filtrate will exit the kidneys as urine via the renal papilla, minor/major calyx, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
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