The Muhakkima Schism with Prof. Valerie Hoffman
"We now have an understanding of the commencement of the schisms among the Khawārij. The Bakrīs, Abū Ṭālūt, Abū Fudayk, and Ibn al-Aswad, and the Ḥanafīs, including Najdā b. ʿĀmir al-Ḥanafī, settled in Yamama and later rebelled. The Tamīmīs, Nāfiʿ b. al-Azraq, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ṣaffār, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibāḍ, and Hanẓalah b. Bayhas, went to Mecca to support Ibn al-Zubayr. This was the first development beyond the original doctrinal kernel of the Basran Muḥakkimah. The second step was the split from Ibn al-Zubayr, while Ibn al-Azraq was the first to split from the Basran Muḥakkimah leaders. Subsequently, the Muḥakkimah were composed of two groups, the first group known as al-Qaʿadah and the second as the Khawārij. There were differences of opinion between those who remained at home and those who adopted radical insurrection with the Khawārij and did not fight on the path of God. A party called the Ibāḍīyah was rejected, and the Basran Muḥakkimah was mostly accepted. In Basra, however, the Ibāḍīyah found little support and Ibn al-Azraq attracted the largest number of followers. Najdah b. ʿĀmir and his followers, on the other hand, went to Yamama and spread their doctrines. The followers of both Nāfiʿ b. al-Azraq and Najdah b. ʿĀmir al-Ḥanafī were not so much theologians as essentially political and military activists. Hence their pattern of behaviour remained contentious, and a great many non-Arab people joined them."
Dr. Abdulrahman al-Salimi, Ibāḍism east of Mesopotamia: Early Islamic Iran, Central Asia and India, pp. 145-146
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