Captagon: How This Little Pill Took Over the “Middle East”
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Captagon: How the “Middle East” Was Poisoned by a Small Pill?
This building in western Syria looks like an ordinary manufacturing facility. But once you step inside its door; the story changes completely. Immediately after the overthrow of Bashar Assad in December, anti-government rebels entered this building, which had been known for years as a potato chip factory. However, some chilling details emerged inside. There were no potatoes or chips on the shelves. There were only apples. All of these plastic apples that looked real were hiding one thing inside: Captagon
This place was not a chip factory, but a drug factory. And until just days before it was entered, it was under the control of dictator Assad. After the rebels overthrew the Assad regime, they started finding these pills all over the country. In a warehouse in Latakia, at an air base near Damascus, and at the headquarters of the Syrian Army’s elite Fourth Armored Division. These pills were everywhere. This proved what many authorities had long suspected: Bashar al-Assad was the head of the world’s largest Captagon operation. This shadowy pill industry, protected by arguably Syria’s most ruthless dictator, would soon engulf the entire Middle East and become a trigger for chaotic events. So what is Captagon? What does it have to do with Assad? And what will happen now that he’s gone?
In the 1960s, a chemical company in Germany combined amphetamine and theophylline to produce a new synthetic drug that helped people stay awake. Fenetyllin. In addition to keeping you awake, this drug, which created a sense of productivity and “I can do anything,” was put on the market under a trademarked name: Captagon. Like many drugs in their early stages, this pill was legal at the time. And its use was free. It had a hunger-suppressing effect, a sense of euphoria and invincibility, and increased physical endurance. However, it was extremely addictive. Captagon soon began to be used as an illegal doping in sports organizations.
In 1986, the World Health Organization declared that widespread prescription of Captagon was too dangerous because of its addictive and hallucinogenic side effects. So German companies stopped producing the drug. But Bulgarian smugglers did not stop. Under the protection of the communist government, they began exporting fake Captagon first to Europe and then to the Middle East. Alcohol and drugs were banned in these predominantly Muslim countries, but Captagon’s legal history made it a little more acceptable. Captagon was not perceived as a “hard” drug like cocaine or heroin. Therefore, Captagon, referred to as the cocaine of the poor, was seen as less stigmatized. Crime networks in the Balkans exploited this perception and created a market. In Jordan and Saudi Arabia, young people began using Captagon to study and have fun. Migrant workers also turned to this substance to survive long shifts. In the mid-2000s, the regime changed in Bulgaria and democracy came. The new government began to deport Captagon producers from the country. However, demand in the Middle East was increasing. This brought the producers expelled from Bulgaria first to Turkey, then to Lebanon and finally to Syria. Here they were not only protected, but also cooperated with the regime itself.
Bashar Assad was one of the most brutal dictators in history. In 2011, he sent his army against Syrians who were protesting against him. When rebel groups formed, he called on Hezbollah, Iran and Russia for help. In the meantime, he imprisoned thousands of his own people and many people lost their lives in terrible ways. In response, his neighbors expelled Syria from the Arab League and the West imposed economic sanctions. This caused Assad’s financial resources to be cut off and his regime to be dragged into crisis. Bashar al-Assad relied on the powerful families of the country, armed militias and foreign powers to survive and stay in power. However, they all wanted to make money in exchange for this security. Assad found a cheap and easy source of income to fill the pockets of his patronage networks in Syria, which was economically collapsing: Captagon.
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