The Fourier Series breaks down a periodic function into the sum of sinusoidal functions. It is the Fourier Transform for periodic functions. To start the analysis of the Fourier Series, let's define periodic functions.
A function is periodic, with fundamental period T, if the following is true for all t.
In plain English, this means that a function of time with period T will have the same value in T seconds as it does now, no matter when you observe the function. Note that a periodic function with fundamental period T is also periodic with period 2*T.