Got this USB cable for my 3DS from China and I'm going to see if it actually works.
A charger with an output of around 5V it will work but charge slower than normal. USB 2.0 on a Laptop or Desktop will work the same way. USB 3.0 should charge the 3DS around the same speed as the included charger from Nintendo.
https://tarokunlife.wixsite.com/jcat