Introduction to the thought of IMMANUEL KANT
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Immanuel Kant (Königsberg, April 22, 1724 – Königsberg, February 12, 1804) was a Prussian philosopher. Widely considered the foremost philosopher of the modern era, Kant created, in epistemology, a synthesis between continental rationalism (of René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, where deductive reasoning prevails) and the English empirical tradition (of David Hume, John Locke, and George Berkeley, which values induction). Born into a modest family of artisans, after a long stint as a secondary school geography teacher, Kant studied philosophy, physics, and mathematics at the University of Königsberg and in 1755 began teaching natural sciences. In 1770, he was appointed full professor at the University of Königsberg, a city he never left, leading a monotonously punctual life dedicated solely to philosophical studies. He produced numerous works on the natural and exact sciences.
Kant is famous above all for developing so-called transcendental idealism: we all bring a priori forms and concepts (those not derived from experience) to the concrete experience of the world, which would otherwise be impossible to determine. Kant's philosophy of nature and human nature is historically one of the most defining sources of the conceptual relativism that dominated 20th-century intellectual life.
Kant is also known for his moral philosophy and for his proposal, the first modern one, of a theory of the formation of the Solar System, known as the Kant-Laplace hypothesis.