OPTIMIZED PI-BASED LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO-AREA POWER SYSTEMS USING GRADIENT PSO
DESIGN DETAILS
Load Frequency Control (LFC) is a vital mechanism in interconnected power systems to maintain system stability by regulating frequency deviations and tie-line power fluctuations. This study proposes an optimized Proportional–Integral (PI) controller design for a two-area power system using Gradient Particle Swarm Optimization (GPSO). In recent years, the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind turbines (WTs), has become increasingly prevalent due to environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels. The dynamic behavior of these RESs, coupled with the complexity of inter-area power exchange, necessitates robust control strategies to maintain frequency stability.
The GPSO algorithm enhances the standard Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) by integrating gradient-based local search techniques, thereby improving convergence speed and solution accuracy. The proposed GPSO-based PI controller is tuned to minimize the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) considering system dynamics such as governor dead-band and generation rate constraints.
Furthermore, the control objective is quantified using the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) criterion, incorporating system output performance to ensure precise and adaptive regulation. This work underscores the capability of GPSO in optimizing control strategies for modern, renewable-integrated power systems.
ITAE=∫_0^t▒t [∑_(i=1)^(N_area)▒|∆F_i+∆P_(tie,i) | ]dt
REFERENCES
Reference Paper-1: Utilizing Electric Vehicles for LFC in Restructured Power Systems Using Fractional Order Controller
Author’s Name: Sanjoy Debbarma and Arunima Dutta
Source: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
Year:2016
Reference Paper-2: Antlion Optimizer-ANFIS Load Frequency Control for Multi-Interconnected Plants Comprising Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine
Author’s Name: Ahmed Fathy and, Ahmed M. Kassem
Source: ISA Transactions
Year:2018
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