Which came first, LIGHT or MATTER?
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Around 10 microseconds after the Big Bang, as the universe continued to cool, quarks began to combine, forming protons and neutrons. These protons and neutrons, along with electrons, are the basic building blocks of matter. But even then, the universe was still a hot, dense mass, and visible light did not yet exist.
After about 380,000 years, the universe entered the Recombination Era, when nuclei and electrons were finally able to combine to form the first atoms, primarily hydrogen. At this point, the universe became transparent to radiation, as photons could now travel freely without being constantly absorbed by charged particles.
Before this event, the universe was completely dark, because although radiation was present, it could not be seen. There was no visible light traveling through space, as photons were continuously being reabsorbed.
Visible light, as we know it, only began to appear much later, when the first stars formed during the Dark Ages and the Reionization Era. Before that, even with the universe becoming transparent, the radiation present was mainly microwaves, which today make up the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB). Only with the formation of stars and galaxies did visible light begin to be generated and illuminate the universe.
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