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A drop or droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces. A drop may form when liquid accumulates at the lower end of a tube or other surface boundary, producing a hanging drop called a pendant drop. Drops may also be formed by the condensation of a vapor or by atomization of a larger mass of liquid.
Liquid forms drops because the liquid exhibits surface tension.[1]
A simple way to form a drop is to allow liquid to flow slowly from the lower end of a vertical tube of small diameter. The surface tension of the liquid causes the liquid to hang from the tube, forming a pendant. When the drop exceeds a certain size it is no longer stable and detaches itself. The falling liquid is also a drop held together by surface tension.
Viscosity and pitch drop experiments
Main articles: Viscosity and Pitch drop experiment
Some substances that appear to be solid, can be shown to instead be extremely viscous liquids, because they form drops and display droplet behavior. In the famous pitch drop experiments, pitch – a substance somewhat like solid bitumen – is shown to be a liquid in this way. Pitch in a funnel slowly forms droplets, each droplet taking about 10 years to form and break off.
In the pendant drop test, a drop of liquid is suspended from the end of a tube or by any surface by surface tension. The force due to surface tension is proportional to the length of the boundary between the liquid and the tube, with the proportionality constant usually denoted {\displaystyle \gamma }\gamma .[2] Since the length of this boundary is the circumference of the tube, the force due to surface tension is given by
{\displaystyle \,F_{\gamma }=\pi d\gamma }\,F_{\gamma }=\pi d\gamma
where d is the tube diameter.
The mass m of the drop hanging from the end of the tube can be found by equating the force due to gravity ({\displaystyle F_{g}=mg}F_{g}=mg) with the component of the surface tension in the vertical direction ({\displaystyle F_{\gamma }\sin \alpha }F_{\gamma }\sin \alpha ) giving the formula
{\displaystyle \,mg=\pi d\gamma \sin \alpha }\,mg=\pi d\gamma \sin \alpha
where α is the angle of contact with the tube, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
The limit of this formula, as α goes to 90°, gives the maximum weight of a pendant drop for a liquid with a given surface tension, {\displaystyle \gamma }\gamma .
{\displaystyle \,mg=\pi d\gamma }\,mg=\pi d\gamma
This relationship is the basis of a convenient method of measuring surface tension, commonly used in the petroleum industry. More sophisticated methods are available to take account of the developing shape of the pendant as the drop grows. These methods are used if the surface tension is unknown.[3][4]
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