Who and why is considered the "father" of the First Antibiotic, which saved millions of lives
In the 20th century, many important scientific discoveries were made that forever changed the course of history. But one of them stands out. Indeed, in terms of the degree of influence on medicine, it is hardly comparable with anything else. And this is the discovery of penicillin, the world's first antibiotic. Before the discovery of antibiotics that suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the human body, life was much more difficult than it is today. Even an ordinary scratch could lead to death if an infection got into the blood. The odds of survival and recovery from surgery, if not nil, were roughly 50/50.
Chapters:
0:00 Discovery of antibiotics
0:41 How were antibiotics treated?
1:14 Study of mold
2:13 Alexander Fleming
2:40 Was it an accidental discovery?
4:21 Penicillin
6:30 How antibiotics work
7:19 World recognition
8:03 Multi-resistant bacteria
In the 70s of the XIX century, the properties of mold were widely used by Russian physicians Aleksey Polotebnov and Vyacheslav Manassein for the treatment of skin diseases.
And in 1896 the Italian doctor Bartolomeo Gozio, studying the causes of mold infestation in rice, brought out a culture of a fungus similar to penicillin. The liquid environment in which this fungus grew had a detrimental effect on the anthrax bacteria. In fact, it was the first antibiotic in the world, but it did not receive practical use and was forgotten.
In 1897, Ernest Duchenne noticed that Arabian grooms were using mold from saddles to treat wounds on the backs of horses. Working with fungi of the genus Penicillium, he discovered their destructive effect on the bacillus of typhoid fever. Ernest Duchenne sent his dissertation to the Pasteur Institute, but the scientific community did not accept it.
According to the famous legend, the discovery happened almost by accident. In 1928, Fleming was studying staphylococci in the laboratory when he noticed the molds Penicillium notatum in the bacteria growing bowls - they were brought in by a draft through an open window. This mold is due to which bread turns green when it lies for a long time. Fleming noticed an area around each mold spot that was free of bacteria.
German immigrant Ernst Cheyne isolated pure penicillin from it, and his boss, Howard Flory, tested the drug on mice. At the same time, the first patient, a London policeman with blood poisoning, could not be saved. At first, he really did feel better, but the accumulated supply of penicillin, which was quickly excreted by the kidneys, was not enough. The first lucky person who was cured of a similar illness thanks to an antibiotic was in 1941 a 15-year-old teenager.
In 1945, Ernst Cheyne, Howard Flory and Alexander Fleming were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Norman Heatley, who was in charge of the team for breeding mold and also invented a method for cleaning the antibiotic, was left without a reward, although his merit was no less. In September 1945, on the eve of Alexander Fleming's arrival in the French capital, Parisian newspapers wrote: "He made more whole divisions to defeat fascism and liberate France."
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Who and why is considered the "father" of the First Antibiotic, which saved millions of lives | History of creation
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