Braced Excavation
Rankine's theory, developed in 1857, is a stress field solution that predicts active and passive earth pressure. It assumes that the soil is cohesionless, the wall is frictionless, the soil-wall interface is vertical, the failure surface on which the soil moves is planar, and the resultant force is angled parallel to the backfill surface. The equations for active and passive lateral earth pressure coefficients are given below.
Coulomb (1776) first studied the problem of lateral earth pressures on retaining structures. He used limit equilibrium theory, which considers the failing soil block as a free body in order to determine the limiting horizontal earth pressure. The limiting horizontal pressures at failure in extension or compression are used to determine the Ka and Kp respectively. Since the problem is indeterminate, a number of potential failure surfaces must be analysed to identify the critical failure surface (i.e. the surface that produces the maximum or minimum thrust on the wall). Mayniel (1908) later extended Coulomb's equations to account for wall friction, symbolized by δ. Müller-Breslau (1906) further generalized Mayniel's equations for a non-horizontal backfill and a non-vertical soil-wall interface (represented by angle θ from the vertical).
Braced Excavation, Model of Braced Excavation, Classical solutions for Active Pressure- wall rotation about the top, Dubrova (1963) solution, Terzaghi (1943) wedge theory, Pressure envelope for braced cut design, Apparent pressure diagrams, Pressure envelope cuts in layered design, Design of various component of braced cuts, Struts, wales, Bottom heave of cut in clay, Stability of bottom of cut in sand, Lateral yielding of sheet pile and ground settlement.
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