Cellular Defects - Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts and Osteocytes
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■ Metabolically active bone-building cells that secrete astroid.
■ Cover surfaces of newly formed bone and respond to growth stimuli
■ Less responsive to growth factors as the body ages.
■ Contribute to hone loss once their reproductive and biosynthetic potential lessens.
■ Multinucleated cells formed from fusion of monocytes in bone marrow.
■ Rest directly on bone's surface, where they resorb bone tissue.
■ Ruffled border unique feature of plasma membrane that faces hone surface.
Acid and enzymes secreted between ruffled border and bone's surface digest collagen and matrix materials
Hormonal influences
■ PTH • Stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts, levels increase with age.
■ Calcitonin• Inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts
■ Cytokines. Stimulate osteoclasts to multiply and resorb bone.
■ Estrogen. Inhibits the effects of cytokines; reduced secretion by failing ovaries increases the rate of bone resorption.
■ Synthetic estrogen is given to post-menopausal women to help prevent bone loss.
■ In aging bodies (post menopausal women, in particular), hormonal influences tip the scales toward increased resorption. promoting bone loss.
■ Mature matrix-maintenance cells that manage blood-hone nutrient and waste exchange.
■ Housed in lacunae and connected to other osteocytes via canaliculi
■Less active in aging adults.