Allopatric speciation on an archipelago
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Archipelagos, such as the Galápagos Islands, are hotbeds of speciation. How allopatric speciation might occur in the archipelago shown here. (Note that real archipelagos are located at great distances from a continent.)
Suppose a few individuals from the mainland reach one island in the archipelago.
Once a species arrives on the island, it begins to diverge genetically from the source population.
Descendents of the first island hoppers may colonize other islands in the chain.
Each population adapts to its new environment and allopatric speciation may occur.
Speciation may also occur when the descendents of the original mainland species return to the first island colonized.