Gene transfer using a Ti plasmid Animation
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Gene transfer using the bacterium Agrobacterium tumfaciens.
A plasmid called the Ti plasmid helps a certain bacterium infect plants.
The genes that cause tumor formation can be cut out of the plasmid and replaced with foreign genes, creating a recombinant plasmid.
Bacteria that contain the recombinant plasmid are cultured with plant cells.
During infection, a plant cell takes up the foreign gene and it becomes incorporated into the plant's chromosomes.
The altered cell grows and divides to form a plant embryo, which may develop into a mature, genetically engineered plant.