The Red Summer of 1919: America's Deadliest Racial Massacre
The Red Summer of 1919 was one of the bloodiest periods of racial violence in American history. When Black WWI veterans returned home expecting respect, they faced coordinated white mob attacks in over 30 cities—and fought back on an unprecedented scale.
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SOURCES:
National Archives - Racial Violence and the Red Summer
National WWI Museum and Memorial - Red Summer
Chicago History Museum - The Murder of Eugene Williams
Encyclopedia of Arkansas - Elaine Massacre of 1919
Smithsonian Magazine - One Hundred Years Ago, a Four-Day Race Riot Engulfed Washington, D.C.
History.com - Red Summer of 1919: How Black WWI Vets Fought Back Against Racist Mobs
Britannica - Chicago Race Riot of 1919
BlackPast.org - Washington, D.C. Race Riot (1919)
Nebraska State Historical Society - Lest We Forget: The Lynching of Will Brown
Equal Justice Initiative - Red Summer of 1919
Zinn Education Project - Red Summer Resources
David F. Krugler - 1919, The Year of Racial Violence: How African Americans Fought Back
Cameron McWhirter - Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America
University of Arkansas Libraries - The Long Shadow of the Elaine Massacre