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Brain Responses to a 6-Hz Binaural Beat
A binaural beat is a beat phenomenon that is generated by the dichotic presentation of two almost equivalent pure tones but with slightly different frequencies. The brain responses to binaural beats remain controversial; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate theta activity responses to a binaural beat by controlling factors affecting localization, including beat frequency, carrier tone frequency, exposure duration, and recording procedure. Exposure to a 6-Hz binaural beat on a 250 Hz carrier tone for 30 min was utilized in this study. Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was utilized as the recording modality.
Introduction
The dichotic presentation of two almost equivalent pure tones but with slightly different frequencies leads to perceive fluctuations sounds which occur as amplitude modulation generated by the two pure tones, or so-called beat, in the brain. The beat in this phenomenon is generated within the brain and is referred to as a binaural beat.
An EEG experiment to investigate the brain responses to a 40-Hz binaural beat with low and high carrier tones of 400 Hz and 3,200 Hz, respectively, for 1.2 s was conducted. The results showed that 40 Hz activity is evoked, and the lower carrier tone induced higher responses than the higher carrier tone at the fronto-central region.
Materials and Methods
The aim of this study was to investigate the responses of the brain to a 6-Hz binaural beat on a 250 Hz carrier tone using QEEG with a 30-min listening period. Experimental and control groups were included.
Experimental Room
The experimental room was a sound-attenuated room with the temperature-controlled to 25 degree C. The wall color of the room was white for neutral perceptions of emotion and mood, as reported by Sroykham et al. (2014).
Binaural Beat Stimulus
The stimulus used in this study was a binaural beat stimulus that was specifically created for the experiment by providing two similar tones at slightly different frequencies. The carrier tone of 250 Hz was presented to the left ear, and the offset tone of 256 Hz was presented to the right ear.
Participants
Twenty-eight participants with an average age of 21.9 years and a standard deviation of 1.9 years were included in the study. The participants were allocated to experimental and control groups. The purpose of the study and the experimental procedures were described to all participants before participation, but details of the stimulus were not revealed. The experimental group was composed of 17 participants, 5 females and 12 males, with an average age of 22.2 years and a standard deviation of 2.1 years, while the control group was composed of 11 participants, 4 females and 6 males, with an average age of 21.4 years and a standard deviation of 1.5 years.
EEG Recording
Each participant was asked to sit in the armchair within the experimental room in an upright position and to lay their feet on the footrest and relax. The size of the participant's head was measured for fitting a suitably sized electrode cap.
Experimental Procedures
After setting the EEG apparatus, all participants underwent the experimental procedures which began with emotional states evaluation by BRMUS, continuous EEG recording for 40 min and ended up with emotional states evaluation once again.
Data Analysis
The recorded EEG signals included 40 min for each participant. Each recorded EEG signal was separated as follows: 5 min of baseline recording, followed by 6 intervals of 5 min each along the stimulus period, and finally 5 min of post-stimulus recording.
Statistical Analysis
Within the same group, paired t-tests were conducted to compare the mean of the absolute power of the theta activity between each interval and baseline, position-by-position. The comparisons were performed to indicate the time-point of increased FFT absolute power of theta activity upon listening to the stimulus for both the experimental and control groups.
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