「Learn Japanese」 How-to use ~し (to list things, reasons, contrast, etc.) [part 1 of 2]
How-to use ~し (to list things, reasons, contrast, etc.)
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Construction:
Plain-Form-VERB + し
Plain-Form-ADJECTIVE + し
Plain-Form-(NOUN/な-ADJECTIVE) + だ + し
*Polite-ます-Form + し is also possible but seldom in comparison
~し is used to list multiple ADJECTIVE, NOUN, and VERB words (the word types can be used interchangeably).
~し is a rather colloquial grammar pattern and its usage is commonly exhibited in spoken Japanese more so than written Japanese, which is reflected in the many verbal nuances it has.
The し character typically appears after each (ADJECTIVE/NOUN/VERB) word included in the list except for the last.
Even though it is used to establish a “list,” sometimes it is only used once to “list” one or two things. In general, because the usage of ~し implies additional (ADJECTIVE/NOUN/VERB) words beyond the ones actually used, the “list” is implied to go on.
*In a sense, this can be interpreted as initially stating one thing and then adding on additional information as an afterthought and implying the list goes on, similar to how spoken language is used.
Example(s):
彼女はかわいいし、性格も明るい。
Kanojo wa kawaii shi, seikaku mo akarui.
“She’s cute, and she’s also got a cheerful personality.”
*Implies that there are more good things about her other than the two things stated.
Further, even though the usage of ~し is most compared to the English usage of “and,” perhaps a more suitable counterpart is the phrasing of “not only, but also.” (In accordance with this, certain words that have the nuance of “also” such as も, にも, それに, etc. are commonly used with this grammar pattern.)
Typical “not only, but also” examples:
昨日は図書館に行ったし、郵便局も行った。
Kinou wa toshokan ni itta shi, yuubinkyoku mo itta.
“Yesterday I went to the library and the post office.”
*While the above line would be a common English translation, changing the simple “and” to “and also” better conveys the grammar pattern’s nuance in Japanese.
日本では買い物したし、たくさんの和食も食べた。
Nihon de wa kaimono shita shi, takusan no washoku mo tabeta.
“In Japan we went shopping and also ate lots of Japanese-style cuisine.”
~し can be used to contrast:
今日だけ限定のクレープが買えるし、たくさん宿題があるし、本当に困った！
Kyou dake gentei no crepe ga kaeru shi, takusan shukudai ga aru shi, hontou ni komatta!
“The limited edition crepe is only available today, but I also have a lot of homework to do… I’m so conflicted!”
試験を取るかもしれないし、取らないかもしれない。
Shiken o toru kamo shirenai shi, toranai kamo shirenai.
“I may or may not take the exam.”
*This nuance is not as common as the others.
Similar Grammar Pattern(s):
The て-Form as “and” (CLAUSE1 + て + CLAUSE 2 as “CLAUSE1 and CLAUSE2”)
• 「Learn Japanese」 The て-Form as "and" (CLAU...
The Particle とか – Indefinitely Listing Words and Its More Colloquial Usages
• 「Learn Japanese」 The Particle とか - Indefin...
The たり-Form – たり-Form V1 + たり-Form V2 + する (Do VERB1, VERB2, and other such things)
• 「Learn Japanese」The たり-Form - たり-Form V1 +...
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