Introduction to genetics | Chromosomes and genes | class 10
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This lecture is about
Chromosomes And Genes
Genes consist of DNA. They contain specific instructions for protein synthesis. In order to know
the nature and working of genes, we will have to study chromosomes in detail. The body cells
have a constant number of paired chromosomes. The two chromosomes of a pair are known as
homologous chromosomes. In human body cells, there are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
for a total of 46 chromosomes. We may recall that during meiosis, the two members of each
chromosome pair separate and each of them enters into one gamete.
Chromosome is made of chromatin material (simply as chromatin). Chromatin is a complex
material, made of DNA and proteins (mainly histone proteins). DNA wraps around histone proteins
and forms round structures, called nucleosomes. DNA is also present between nucleosomes. In
this way, the nucleosomes and the DNA between them look like “beads on a string” (Fig. 15.1).For much of human history , people were unaware of the scientific
details of how babies got the characteristics of their parents.
People had always thought that there was some hereditary
connection between parents and children, but the mechanisms
were not understood. Many answers to the questions about how
offspring get the characteristics from their parents came from
Gregor Mendel’s work. In this chapter, we will go through Mendel’s
work and other discoveries of inheritance.
15.1 Introduction To Genetics
Genetics is the branch of biology in which we study inheritance. Inheritance means the transmission
of characteristics from parents to offspring. These characteristics are called the traits. For example:
in man height, colour of the eyes, intelligence etc. are all inheritable traits.
Parents pass characteristics to their young through gene transmission. Equal numbers of
chromosomes from each parent are combined during
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