Interrupts in Microcontroller | what is an Interrupt | Interrupts in Embedded System
An interrupt is a hardware or software signal that temporarily pauses the microcontroller's current task to execute a specialized function called an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). Once the ISR finishes, the microcontroller resumes its main program exactly where it left off
Core Components
Interrupt Request (IRQ): The incoming signal that triggers the interruption.
Interrupt Service Routine (ISR): Code specifically written to handle a particular event (e.g., stopping a motor if a sensor detects heat).
Interrupt Vector Table (IVT): A fixed memory map containing the addresses of all ISRs.
Priority: A system that determines which event to handle first if multiple interrupts occur simultaneously.
Types of Interrupts
Hardware Interrupts: Triggered by external pins (e.g., button press) or internal peripherals (e.g., timer overflow).
Software Interrupts: Triggered by specific instructions within the program or by errors like "divide by zero".
Maskable vs. Non-Maskable: Maskable interrupts can be ignored or disabled by software; Non-Maskable Interrupts (NMI) are critical and cannot be ignored (e.g., power failure).
Standard Execution Steps
Current Instruction: The CPU finishes its current machine-level instruction.
Context Saving: The current Program Counter (PC) and Status Register are saved to the Stack.
Branching: The CPU jumps to the ISR address found in the Interrupt Vector Table.
Service: The ISR code executes and concludes with a RETI (Return from Interrupt) instruction.
Restore: The saved PC and status are "popped" from the stack, and the main program resumes.
Polling vs. Interrupts
Polling: The CPU constantly checks a status flag in a loop. This is inefficient as it wastes CPU cycles.
Interrupt: The CPU only reacts when an event occurs, allowing it to perform other tasks or stay in a low-power mode until needed
💡 You’ll Learn:
✅ Definition and need of interrupts
✅ Hardware vs Software interrupts
✅ Interrupt vector table
✅ ISR execution process
✅ Interrupt priority
Chapters:-
00:00 Introduction
00:40 What is an Interrupt
02:00 How Interrupt Mechanism works
05:43 ISR Interrupt Service Routine
06:15 Interrupt Controller
06:35 Interrupt Vector Table
07:05 Context Store
07:19 Context restore
07:40 Hardware Interrupts
07:58 Software Interrupts
08:20 External Interrupts
08:45 Internal Interrupts
09:03 Maskable Interrupts
09:20 Non Maskable Interrupts
09:42 Vectored Interrupts
10:12 Non vectored Interrupts
10:50 Fixed Priority
11:22 Dynamic Priority
11:55 Priority Masking
12:26 Round Robin Priority
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